A study suggests atoms can bond not only with electrons in their outer shells, but also via those in their supposedly sacrosanct inner shells Most of us learned in high school chemistry class that ...

Figure 2: Dependence of spectrally integrated output energy of Kα emission on pump pulse energy. Here, XFEL pumping pulses excite Cu atoms from the ground state to the upper level (single vacancy of ...

The heavy metal uranium is, besides its radioactive reputation, known for its intricate chemistry and diverse bonding behaviors. Scientists utilized synchrotron light to explore the unique properties ...

Many of us learned in high school chemistry that the electrons around an atomic nucleus occupy different energy levels. The low-energy levels are known as the inner electron shells, and the ...

In addition to adding strength, this design allows the structure to use its crack patterns to minimize damage into the inner shell. Ling Li, an assistant professor in mechanical engineering at ...