Through the intricate study of lava tubes—caves formed following volcanic eruptions when lava cools down—an international team of researchers has uncovered clues about Earth's ancient environments ...

Along parts of Portugal’s Atlantic coastline, especially on Madeira Island, cliffs rise in neat vertical columns that look uncannily like the pipes of a giant organ. These striking formations are not ...

Lava cools very quickly at first forming a thin crust that insulates the interior of the lava flow. As a result, basaltic lava flows can form crusts that are thick enough to walk on in 10-15 minutes ...