Direct modulation of a laser 1 has always been used in optical telecommunications. Although distance–capacity product capabilities using this approach have been limited, it represents a very ...

As data travels around the internet, it's routinely switched from electrical signals to light in order to travel through the network's fiber optic backbone. To do this, the signal travels through ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics. Delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are fascinating—almost mythical in their ability to support low- to medium-speed and ...

In the rapidly advancing field of microelectronics manufacturing, the demand for higher throughput and precision in via drilling has never been greater. This translates into a market demand for more ...

For the QPSK modulator shown in the figure above, construct the truth table, phasor diagram, and constellation diagram. In Figure 2, it can be seen that with QPSK, each of the four possible output ...