Defining laser-beam power density. Power spectral density (PSD) is the measure of a signal's power content versus frequency. PSD gives designers an idea of how the power of a signal is distributed ...

Fig. 2: Example power density spectrum of the apparent motion of a particle resting on the substrate. Without correction, the particle position seems to oscillate because of the light refraction at ...

Doing more with less in electronics often means improving power density. One of the new areas garnering attention involves applying a variety of advanced modulation techniques, including PWM and space ...