The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) remains a cornerstone of cardiovascular and renal physiology, orchestrating vital aspects of blood pressure regulation and fluid-electrolyte balance. At the heart of ...

Nussberger and Bohlender define optimal RAS blockade as the maximal blockade achieved without causing hypotension, hyperkalaemia, or renal dysfunction. Our meta-analysis, which included data for ...

"I feel better, but my mind isn't the same." Four years after the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, such comments are still heard regularly in many medical practices in South Africa. What began as a ...

In this rapidly evolving setting, clinicians are weighing the alleged harm of continuing these medications in patients for whom ACE inhibitors and ARBs have known benefit against the harm to their ...