The interactions of the quarks and gluons that make up protons and neutrons are so strong that the structure of protons and neutrons is difficult to calculate from theory and must be instead measured ...

Two experiment collaborations, the g2p and EG4 collaborations, combined their complementary data on the proton's inner ...

New force distributions revealed by the calculations, on top of the probability map of finding a quark in the proton. Scientists have now mapped the forces acting inside a proton, showing in ...

Data from past proton-electron collisions provide strong evidence of entanglement among the proton's sea of quarks (spheres) and gluons (squiggles), which may play an important role in their ...

Known as “islands of inversion,” these odd regions are found among a sea of normal nuclei. Now, a new island may have been ...

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) stands as one of the most rigorously tested theories in modern physics, offering a comprehensive framework to describe the interactions between charged particles and the ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London. Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and ...

For years, physicists have mapped the stability of atomic nuclei with remarkable confidence. The periodic table, with its ...

In the middle of the last century, physicists found that protons can resonate, much like a ringing bell. Advances over the last three decades have led to 3D pictures of the proton and significant ...