From a thermodynamics perspective, all systems, even the universe itself, are all driven by two aspects of their state—entropy and energy. Any closed system will simultaneously tend towards a minimum ...

It is known that, as statistical methods, the maximum entropy estimation is equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimation with an exponential distribution. But, it is seen that the relation between ...

For all its tumult — erupting stars, colliding galaxies, collapsing black holes — the cosmos is a surprisingly orderly place. Theoretical calculations have long shown that the entropy of the universe ...

While usual gapless points that are not geometrically defective i.e. Dirac points (Left column) possess only eigenvalues within [0, 1] (Bottom Left), defective exceptional points (Right column) also ...

This paper discusses the application of information-theoretic concepts to the backward filtering of time series using moving averages. We identify moving averages as time-dependent expectation values ...